USB: Universal Serial Bus is now the default port for communicating to and from computer devices.UART: Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter is a digital hardware device which allows for a range serial data formats and configurable speeds (transmission speed is known as the baud rate).It refers to logic levels where a particular voltage (typically 3.3V or 5V) is the HIGH voltage, and 0V is the LOW voltage. TTL: Transistor-Transistor-Logic is a method of using bipolar transistors to maintain and read digital signals.Serial: When used in the context of digital communication, the word serial refers to the transmission of data in consecutive bits that are transmitted/received in sequence (one at a time).Before we go on, perhaps a term clarification is in order: When we use the term ‘serial’ for these converters we are referring to TTL serial data compatible with the UART ports found on almost every chip (the Atmega328 has one UART port, the mega2560 has four). So how do we go about programming something like this if we can’t connect it to our computer using USB? We use what’s called a USB-Serial converter. In fact, you can take the 328 chip out of an Uno board, put it on a breadboard and with a 16 Mhz Crystal and two 22pF capacitors, you have a functioning Arduino, without the rest of the headers and jacks on the board. The Arduino Pro Mini is basically an Uno, without the Atmega16u2, and a much smaller form factor. Instead, there is a second, smaller chip on the board (Atmega16u2) which does have a USB port, then sends the data to the Atmega328. For example, the Atmega328 that’s on the Arduino Uno doesn’t have a built-in USB port. Sometimes we need to be able to program a chip from our computer that doesn’t have a built-in USB port. But sometimes it’s not that easy and we can take for granted the USB ports built into devices like these. You can buy an Arduino Uno for less than $40, plug it straight into your computer, and get coding right away. It’s now easier than ever before to get started with programming and tinkering due to the innovation from brands such as Arduino, Raspberry Pi, Sparkfun, Adafruit, and Teensy, just to name a few. Thanks to huge advancements in technology over the last decade, the maker community that we know and love has thrived. PiicoDev Platform for Raspberry Pi Pico Price: $6.05 PiicoDev Ultrasonic Rangefinder Price: $9.70
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